anthracite /ˈænθrəsaɪt/ (also hard coal) antracita: He brought a lump of anthracite coal.

basalt /ˈbæsɔːlt, bəˈsɔːlt/ basalto: The durability of basalt gives it great value for erosion protection.

bauxite /ˈbɔːksaɪt/ bauxita: bauxite deposits

chalk /ʧɔːk/ tiza: Many of the older mansions above the chalk cliffs fell into semi-ruin during the Communist era.

conglomerate /kənˈglɒmərət/ conglomerado: Some pieces of the statues ‒ hewn from the soft, conglomerate rock 1,500 years ago ‒ have shown up for sale in Pakistan.

diorite /ˈdaɪəraɪt/ diorita: a life-size black diorite statue

granite /ˈgrænɪt/ granito: It's hard to fathom the amount of physical labor that went into chipping this church out of solid granite with nothing but hand tools.

gneiss /naɪs, gəˈnaɪs/ gneis: A river's abrasive power acts slowly on hard rocks, such as granite and gneiss. ^ a piece/chunk/fragment of gneiss

flint pedernal, sílex: Quarrying and manufacture of flint weapons were among humankind's earliest business ventures. ^ flint implements

limestone /ˈlaɪmstəʊn/ piedra caliza: We went to a sea cave carved out of the steep limestone cliffs.

marble /ˈmɑːbəl/ mármol: marble statues

obsidian /ɒbˈsɪdiən, əb-/ obsidiana: Obsidian will shatter at a blow into razor-sharp splinters.

pumice /ˈpʌmɪs/ (also pumice stone /ˈpʌmɪs ˌstəʊn/) piedra pómez: I saw a pumice in the bathroom.

sandstone piedra arenisca: The walls of red sandstone were up to 20 feet thick, surrounding the strong 12th-century keep.

schist /ʃɪst/ esquisto [metamorphic rock]: The Wilson massif is known for crumbling schist and a lethal mixture of rock, ice, snow, and exposure.

shale /ʃeɪl/ esquisto [sedimentary rock]: They climbed back up the slope, loose stones and shale slithering and clattering away under their feet.

slate /sleɪt/ pizarra: We stayed in a traditional stone and slate cottage.

IDIOMS

like chalk and cheese (also as different as chalk and cheese) (British English, informal) como la noche y el día, parecerse como un huevo a una castaña: They were as different as chalk and cheese.

not by a long chalk (British English, informal) ni mucho menos: He's not finished yet, not by a long chalk.

have a clean slate tener un buen historial, estar limpio,-pia: We have a clean slate with Ted and Sonia and I'd like to keep it that way.

put something on the slate apuntar algo (en cuenta de tienda, bar, etc.): Put it on the slate, John.

wipe the slate clean hacer borrón y cuenta nueva: We hope we can wipe the slate clean, start over, set the example, and really try to find a way with which to work more constructively together.